Hard disk drive adapted to detect free-fall and perform emergency parking of read/write head prior to impact

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the invention provide a hard disk drive (HDD) adapted to detect when an HDD is in a free-fall state and park a head prior to impact. The HDD comprises a spindle motor comprising a rotary body and adapted to rotate a disk, wherein the disk is adapted to store data; an actuator adapted to move a read/write head to a desired position above the disk in order to read/write data; and a flying height sensor adapted to measure a flying height of the rotary body in real time. The HDD further comprises a monitor adapted to monitor the measured flying height and generate a free-fall signal when the monitor determines that the HDD is in a free-fall state; and a central controller adapted to initiate an operation for parking the read/write head in response to the free-fall signal.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

Embodiments of the invention relate to a hard disk drive (HDD). Inparticular, embodiments of the invention relate to an HDD adapted todetect free-fall and park a read/write head in a safe position inresponse to free-fall detection.

This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application Nos.10-2005-0108525, filed on Nov. 14, 2005 and 10-2006-0029816, filed onMar. 31, 2006, the collective subject matter of which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

2. Description of Related Art

A hard disk drive (HDD) is an information storing apparatus commonlyused in computers and adapted to read data from and write data to arotating disk using one or more read/write head(s). In the HDD, anactuator moves the read/write head to a desired position above the diskso that data may be written to or read from an identified location onthe disk. During such movements, the read/write head is maintained at adefined “flying height” above the surface of the disk.

However, if the read/write head fails to maintain the defined flyingheight and collides with the surface of the disk, the surface of thedisk may become damaged making data stored at damaged locationunreadable. Read/write head collisions with the disk may result from anexternal impact applied to the HDD. Since HDDs are being more commonlyincorporated into portable host devices, the risk of external impactsdue to dropping of the host device is increasing. This risk of “diskcrash” militates against the incorporation of HDDs into emergingportable devices despite the excellent ratio of price to storagecapacity provide by HDDs. However, the obvious commercial advantagesprovided by HDDs in portable electronic devices has lead to much ongoingresearch into the design and use of micro HDDs having a size of 1-inchor less.

For example, U.S. Pat. No. RE35,269, the subject matter of which ishereby incorporated by reference, discloses a method for detecting afree-fall state for an HDD (i.e., a condition wherein an HDD is fallingunder the influence of gravity). This conventional method uses a MEMS(micro-electromechanical system) acceleration sensor to detect thefree-fall state and unload a read/write head. The term “unload” is thiscontext refers to an operation wherein a read/write head is moved into asafe position (i.e., a position better immune to the ill-effects of anexternal impact). However, this conventional approach adds cost andcomplexity to the HDD design in relation to the incorporation of theMEMS acceleration sensor. Further, the addition of the MEMS accelerationsensor results in an unacceptable increase in the volume of many microHDD designs intended for use within portable devices, such as mobilephones, PDAs, etc.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention provide a hard disk drive (HDD) adapted toprevent a read/write head or a disk within an HDD from being damaged byan external impact following free-fall. This ability provides improvedimpact resistance and makes the HDD a better design choice forincorporation within various potable or mobile devices.

Embodiments of the invention also provide an HDD adapted to detect afree-fall state with a high degree of accuracy in various orientations.As a result of this free-fall state detection, an HDD is better able toinitiate emergency unloading/parking of a read/write head.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a hard disk drive (HDD)comprising; a spindle motor comprising a rotary body and adapted torotate a disk, an actuator adapted to move a read/write head to adesired position above the disk, a flying height sensor adapted tomeasure in real time a flying height associated with the rotary body, amonitor adapted to monitor the measured flying height and generate afree-fall signal when the monitor determines that the HDD is in afree-fall state, and a central controller adapted to initiate anunloading/parking operation for the read/write head in response to thefree-fall signal.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an HDD comprising; aspindle motor adapted to rotate a disk, an actuator adapted to move aread/write head over the disk, a rotation speed sensor adapted tomeasure in real time a rotation speed for the spindle motor, a monitoradapted to monitor the measured rotation speed and generate a free-fallsignal when the monitor determines that the HDD is in a free-fall state,and a central controller adapted to initiate an unloading/parkingoperation in response to the free-fall signal.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an HDD comprising; aspindle motor adapted to rotate a disk at a defined rotation speed, afeedback control loop adapted to control in real time the rotation speedusing a driving signal provided to the spindle motor, an actuatoradapted to move a read/write head over the disk, a monitor adapted tomonitor the driving signal and generate a free-fall signal when themonitor determines that the HDD is in a free-fall state, and a centralcontroller adapted to initiate an unloading/parking operation for theread/write head in response to the free-fall signal.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an HDD comprising: aspindle motor comprising a rotary body and a static body adapted tosupport the rotary body, wherein the spindle motor is adapted to rotatea disk, an actuator adapted to move a read/write head over the disk, astatic eccentricity sensor adapted to measure static eccentricityassociated with the rotary body, a monitor adapted to monitor themeasured static eccentricity and generate a free-fall signal when themonitor determines that the HDD is in a free-fall state, and a centralcontroller adapted to initiate an unloading/parking operation for theread/write head in response to the free-fall signal.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an HDD comprising; aspindle motor adapted to rotate a disk comprising a target track, anactuator adapted to move a read/write head around a pivot to positionthe read/write head over the target track, a position error sensoradapted to measure in real time a position error between the actualposition of the read/write head and the target track and further adaptedto generate a position error signal, a monitor adapted to monitor theposition error signal and generate a free-fall signal when the monitordetermines that the HDD is in a free-fall state, and a centralcontroller adapted to initiate an unloading/parking operation for theread/write head in response to the free-fall signal.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an HDD) comprising; aspindle motor adapted to rotate a disk, a voice coil motor (VCM) adaptedto supply rotary driving power to an actuator adapted to move aread/write head over the disk, a position control loop adapted to applya controlled driving signal to the VCM to cause the read/write head tofollow a target track on the disk, a monitor adapted to monitor in realtime the controlled driving signal supplied to the VCM and generate afree-fall signal when the monitor determines that the HDD is in afree-fall state, and a central controller adapted to initiate anunloading/parking operation for the read/write head in response to thefree-fall signal.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an HDD comprising; aspindle motor adapted to rotate a disk at a rotation speed controlled inreal time in accordance with a driving signal provide by a feedbackcontrol loop, a voice coil motor (VCM) adapted to supply rotary drivingpower to an actuator moving a read/write head over the disk, a positioncontrol loop adapted to apply a controlled driving signal to the VCM tocause the read/write head to follow a target track on the disk, amonitor adapted to monitor in real time the driving signal and thecontrolled driving signal, and generate a free-fall signal when themonitor determines that the HDD is in a free-fall state and a centralcontroller is adapted to initiate an unloading/parking operation for theread/write head in response to the free-fall signal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention will be described herein with reference tothe accompanying drawings, in which like reference symbols indicate likeor similar elements. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a hard disk drive (HDD) inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view, taken along Line II-II of FIG. 1, of aspindle motor of the HDD of FIG. 1, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the structure of a permanent magnet anda portion of a static body of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 shows forces acting on a static body and a rotary body in thespindle motor of FIG. 2, and the moment of the forces;

FIGS. 5 and 6 respectively show the pressure distribution of a journalbearing and a thrust bearing of the spindle motor;

FIG. 7 shows the magnetic flux distribution of the permanent magnet andthe static body in the spindle motor;

FIG. 8 shows an example of a driving signal input to the spindle motor;

FIG. 9 is a graph of paths of the centroid and the center of mass of therotary body in the spindle motor;

FIGS. 10 through 14 show the results of numerical Integration by FiniteElement Analysis;

FIG. 15 shows typical orientations with which the spindle motor 100 mayfall;

FIGS. 16A through 16C show change in the flying height in accordancewith the orientation with which the spindle motor falls;

FIGS. 17A through 17C show change in the rotation speed in accordancewith the orientation with which the spindle motor falls;

FIGS. 18A through 18C show change in the PWM duty-ratio of a drivingsignal applied to the spindle motor in accordance with the orientationwith which the spindle motor falls;

FIGS. 19A through 19C show change in the position of the rotary body inthe spindle motor in accordance with the orientation with which thespindle motor falls;

FIGS. 20A through 20C show change in a position error signal inaccordance with the orientation with which the spindle motor falls;

FIGS. 21A through 21C show change in an input current provided to avoice coil motor (VCM) as a controlled driving signal in accordance withthe orientation with which the spindle motor falls;

FIGS. 22A through 22C show change in an input voltage provided to theVCM as a controlled driving signal in accordance with the orientationwith which the spindle motor falls;

FIG. 23 is a schematic view of the structure of the HDD in accordancewith an embodiment of the invention; and,

FIG. 24 is a timing diagram of internal signals generated in the HDD ofFIG. 23 while the HDD falls.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a hard disk drive (HDD) inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention. Referring to FIG. 1, theHDD comprises a spindle motor 100 adapted to rotate one or more disk(s)130. The HDD further comprises an actuator 160 adapted to pivot at apoint outside of the circumference of disk 130. Actuator 160 connects aread/write head 161 and is adapted to move read/write head 161 to adesired position above disk 130. The HDD still further comprises a voicecoil motor (VCM) 169 adapted to supply rotary driving power to actuator160.

Spindle motor 100 is disposed on a base member 111 of the HDD. Disk(s)130 are mounted on spindle motor 100 and are rotated by spindle motor100 at a predetermined angular velocity. Though the HDD of FIG. 1 maycomprise more than one disk 130, for convenience of description, onlyone disk will be referred to herein, and it will be referred to as “disk130”.

Actuator 160 comprises an actuator pivot 165 disposed on base member111, a swing arm 163, a suspension 162, and a coil-supporting portion167. Swing arm 163 is rotatably connected to actuator pivot 165.Suspension 162 is connected to the tip of swing arm 163, supportsread/write head 161, and motivates read/write head 161 toward thesurface of disk 130. Read/write head 161 follows a target track “T” ondisk 130 to read data from or write data to disk 130. When disk 130stops rotating, read/write head 161 is positioned on a parking ramp 170disposed outside the perimeter of disk 130.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1, VCM 169 comprises a magnet 184 anda VCM coil 164. VCM 169 is adapted to supply rotary driving power torotate swing arm 163 in a direction specified by Fleming's Left HandRule. This rotational movement is accomplished through an interaction ofan input current with VCM coil 164 and a magnetic field formed by magnet184. VCM coil 164 is fitted into coil-supporting portion 167 disposed atthe base of swing arm 163. Magnet 184 typically surrounds VCM coil 164and is attached to and supported by a yoke 181. In the illustratedexample, spindle motor 100 and actuator 160 are disposed in an interiorspace disposed between base member 111 and a mating cover member 191.

FIG. 2 is a vertical cross-sectional view of spindle motor 100 shown inFIG. 1 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Referring toFIG. 2, spindle motor 100 comprises a shaft 121 defining a center ofrotation for spindle motor 100, a hub 125 attached to and adapted torotate with shaft 121, and a stator 112 attached to base member 111 anddisposed outside of the perimeter of hub 125, such that stator 112 and apermanent magnet 126 attached to hub 125 are separated from but facingone another. Permanent magnet 126 is disposed at the outer edge of hub125. Stator 112 is disposed facing permanent magnet 126 and in theillustrated example comprises a yoke 113 and a coil 115 wound aroundyoke 113. When the HDD operates, stator 112 is magnetized by a drivingcurrent and interacts with permanent magnet 126. A resulting magneticforce rotates hub 125 together with shaft 121.

Base member 111 comprises a neck portion 111 a protruding upwards tosupport shaft 121. A sleeve 117 enclosing shaft 121 is inserted into anopening of neck portion 111 a. Shaft 121 comprises a cylindrical journalportion 121 a, and comprises a thrust portion 121 b protruding radiallyfrom under a lower portion of shaft 121 in order to fix shaft 121 insleeve 117 along an axis substantially parallel to the axis of rotationfor shaft 121. The components of spindle motor 100 may be grouped into arotary body 120 and a static body 110 adapted to support rotary body120. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2, rotary body 120 comprisesshaft 121 and hub 125, while static body 110 comprises stator 112, basemember 111, and sleeve 117.

Hydrodynamic bearings adapted to rotatably support shaft 121 aredisposed around shaft 121. Among the hydrodynamic bearings are upper andlower thrust bearings 153 a and 153 b adapted to support shaft 121axially (i.e., in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation for shaft121) and a journal bearing 151 adapted to support shaft 121 radially(i.e., in a direction perpendicular to the axis of rotation for shaft121). In addition, a comb-pattern groove is formed in the surface ofshaft 121. Thus, as shaft 121 rotates, the comb-pattern groove generatesradial hydrodynamic pressure. Alternatively, although not shown, asimilar groove may be formed in the inner surface of sleeve 117 facingshaft 121.

Alternately or additionally, spindle motor 100 illustrated in FIG. 2 maycomprise a flying height sensor 102, a static eccentricity sensor 104,and/or an a rotation speed sensor 106. In the context of the embodimentshown in FIG. 2, the various sensors are shown conceptually for clarityof illustration. The actual positioning of these sensors in relation tothe components of spindle motor 100 may vary with multiple designparameters.

FIG. 3 further illustrates in one embodiment an exemplary structure forpermanent magnet 126. (See, FIG. 2). In the illustrated example,permanent magnet 126 is circular and comprises twelve poles. Inaddition, a first plurality of yokes 113 (e.g., nine in the illustratedexample) are arranged in a circle around permanent magnet 126. Yokes 113extend from a ring-shaped supporting rim, and a coil 115 is wound arounda second plurality of (e.g., six of nine) yokes 113. The secondplurality of yokes 113 including a coil 115 are divided into pairs ofadjacent yokes 113 with a coil-less yoke from the first plurality ofyokes being positioned between each pair. In one example assuming theuse of a brushless DC motor, yokes 113 of stator 112 are alternatelyassigned opposite magnetic polarities by applying appropriate AC currentsignals to respective coils 115.

With the foregoing structural embodiments in mind, a method of detectingfree-fall for an HDD in accordance with an embodiment of the inventionwill now be described. FIG. 4 illustrates various forces (and relatedmoments) typically acting on static body 110 and rotary body 120 inspindle motor 100. Referring to FIG. 4, a coordinate system comprisingorthogonal directions x_(S), y_(S), and z_(S) is defined with respect tostatic body 110 for ease of reference. Additionally, a relativecoordinate system comprising orthogonal directions x^(R), y^(R), andz_(R) is defined with respect to rotary body 120. Lubricating oil fillsthe bearing clearance between static body 110 and rotary body 120.

Within this descriptive context, static body 110 experiences a forceF_(G) ^(S) (i.e., has a weight F_(G) ^(S)) due to gravity, a reactiveforce F_(HDB) from hydrodynamic bearing 150, and an unbalancedelectromagnetic force F_(EM).

Rotary body 120 experiences a force F_(G) ^(R) (i.e., has a weight F_(G)^(R)) due to gravity, a centrifugal force F_(U) ^(R) caused by theeccentric mass distribution in shaft 121, the reactive force F_(HDB)from hydrodynamic bearing 150, and the unbalanced electromagnetic forceF_(EM). The reactive force F_(HDB) from hydrodynamic bearing 150 and theunbalanced electromagnetic force F_(EM) applied to static body 110 androtary body 120 have an action/reaction relationship, and thus act inopposite directions. The electromagnetic torque M_(EM) driving rotarybody 120 acts on (i.e., is a moment applied to) rotary body 120 in therotational direction of rotary body 120, and the friction torque M_(HDB)caused by friction between hydrodynamic bearing 150 and static body 110also acts on static body 110 in the same rotational direction.Similarly, the electromagnetic torque M_(EM) caused by the rotationaldriving power and the friction torque M_(HDB) of the bearing are eachapplied to rotary body 120. The resultant forces and moments acting oneach of static body 110 and rotary body 120 are defined by Equation (1)below in accordance with the Newton-Euler Equation:

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{{\sum F_{i}^{S}} = {F_{G}^{S} - F_{HDB} - F_{EM}}} \\{{\sum M_{\theta_{i}}^{S}} = {M_{HDB}^{S} - M_{EM}}} \\{{\sum F_{i}^{R}} = {F_{G}^{R} + F_{U}^{R} + F_{HDB} + F_{EM}}} \\{{\sum M_{\theta_{i}}^{R}} = {M_{HDB}^{R} + M_{U}^{R} + M_{EM}}} \\\left( {{i = x},y,z} \right)\end{matrix} & {{Equation}\mspace{20mu}(1)}\end{matrix}$wherein F_(G), F_(HDB), F_(EM), F_(U), M_(EM), M_(HDB) indicate theforce of gravity, the reactive force of hydrodynamic bearing 150, theunbalanced electromagnetic force, the centrifugal force generated by theunbalanced mass of rotary body 120, the electromagnetic torque, and thefriction torque of hydrodynamic bearing 150, respectively. In addition,the superscripts “S” and “R” are used to indicate the force or momentacting on static body 110 and rotary body 120, respectively.

The displacement of rotary body 120 from its initial position withrespect to static body 110 during time Δt may be obtained by performingnumerical integration with respect to time on the Newton-Euler Equationusing, for example, the Runge-Kutta Algorithm. It is possible to obtainthe position and orientation of rotary body 120 after a certain time byinputting the new position of rotary body 120 on the basis of theobtained results and repeating the integration with respect to time.However, the other forces or moments, except for the weight F_(G) ^(S)of static body 110 and the weight F_(G) ^(R) of rotary body 120, may beobtained from an analysis of the lubricating oil using the ReynoldsEquation and an analysis of the electromagnetic field using Maxwell'sEquation, which will be described below. Thus, the Newton-EulerEquation, the Reynolds Equation, and the Maxwell Equation will beintegrated in the working example.

The reactive force F_(HDB) from hydrodynamic bearing 150 and thefriction torque M_(HDB) of hydrodynamic bearing 150 may be obtainedusing finite element analysis of the lubricating oil disposed betweenstatic body 110 and rotary body 120. Use of the Reynolds Equation is oneapproach to this finite element analysis and may be represented byEquations (2) and (3) below. Equation 2 and Equation 3 thus representgoverning equations for the lubricating oil as applied to journalbearing 151 and a thrust bearing, respectively, and are expressed incylindrical coordinates using variables (r, θ, z).

$\begin{matrix}{{{\frac{\partial}{R{\partial\Theta}}\left( {\frac{h^{3}}{12\mu}\frac{\partial p}{R{\partial\Theta}}} \right)} + {\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\left( {\frac{h^{3}}{12\mu}\frac{\partial p}{\partial z}} \right)}} = {{\frac{{\overset{.}{\theta}}_{z}}{2}\frac{\partial h}{\partial\Theta}} + \frac{\partial h}{\partial t}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{20mu}(2)}\end{matrix}$

$\begin{matrix}{{{\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\left( {r\frac{h^{3}}{12\mu}\frac{\partial p}{\partial r}} \right)} + {\frac{\partial}{r{\partial\Theta}}\left( {\frac{h^{3}}{12\mu}\frac{\partial p}{r{\partial\Theta}}} \right)}} = {{\frac{r{\overset{.}{\theta}}_{z}}{2}\frac{\partial h}{r{\partial\Theta}}} + \frac{\partial h}{\partial t}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{20mu}(3)}\end{matrix}$wherein h, p, μ, and R represent the thickness of the lubricating oilfilm, the pressure generated from the lubricating oil film, theviscosity of the lubricating oil, and the radius of the journal bearing,respectively.

As rotary body 120 rotates, the hydrodynamic pressure of the lubricatingoil is generated between rotary body 120 and static body 110, and thedistribution of the hydrodynamic pressure is obtained by developing afinite element from the Reynolds Equation. The reactive force F_(HDB)and friction torque M_(HDB) Of hydrodynamic bearing 150 are obtained byintegrating the pressure and the shear stress of the lubricating fluid,through the pertinent region. FIGS. 5 and 6 respectively show thepressure distribution of the journal bearing and the pressuredistribution of the thrust bearing over time.

The electromagnetic torque M_(EM) and the unbalanced electromagneticforce F_(EM) of Equation (1) may be obtained by analyzing a voltageequation with respect to the driving circuit of spindle motor 100 usingEquation (4) and Maxwell's Equation with respect to the electromagneticfield using Equation (5).

$\begin{matrix}{{{{R_{i}I_{i}} + {L_{i}\frac{\mathbb{d}I_{i}}{\mathbb{d}t}} + \frac{\mathbb{d}\phi_{i}}{\mathbb{d}t} - {R_{j}I_{j}} - {L_{j}\frac{\mathbb{d}I_{j}}{\mathbb{d}t}} - \frac{\mathbb{d}\phi_{j}}{\mathbb{d}t}} = {V_{S}\left( {{Duty}\mspace{14mu}{On}} \right)}}{{{R_{i}I_{i}} + {L_{i}\frac{\mathbb{d}I_{i}}{\mathbb{d}t}} + \frac{\mathbb{d}\phi_{i}}{\mathbb{d}t} - {R_{j}I_{j}} - {L_{j}\frac{\mathbb{d}I_{j}}{\mathbb{d}t}} - \frac{\mathbb{d}\phi_{j}}{\mathbb{d}t}} = {- {V_{D}\left( {{Duty}\mspace{14mu}{Off}} \right)}}}{{I_{i} + I_{j} + I_{k}} = 0}\left( {i,j,{k\text{:}{phase}\mspace{14mu}{index}}} \right)} & \left\lbrack {{Formula}\mspace{20mu} 4} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$

$\begin{matrix}{{{\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left( {v\frac{\partial A_{z}}{\partial x}} \right)} + {\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left( {v\frac{\partial A_{z}}{\partial y}} \right)}} = {J - {v\left( {\frac{\partial M_{y}}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial M_{x}}{\partial y}} \right)}}} & \left\lbrack {{Formula}\mspace{20mu} 5} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$wherein v, J, Az, and M represent resistivity (which is the reciprocalof permeability), the density of a current flowing into spindle motor100, the magnetic vector potential, and the magnetization of thepermanent magnet, respectively.

FIGS. 7 and 8 show the results of the electromagnetic analysis describedabove. FIG. 7 illustrates the distribution of the magnetic flux ofspindle motor 100, and FIG. 8 illustrates the waveform of the drivingcurrent input to spindle motor 100 to rotate spindle motor 100 atconstant speed.

FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating paths of a centroid and center of massfor rotary body 120, as obtained from the aforementioned analysis. InFIG. 9, a dotted line represents the path of rotary body's 120 centroid.Upon initial operation of spindle motor 100, its centroid has adisplacement of “0” in each of the x and y directions (i.e., it isdisposed at the origin (0,0)). However, as spindle motor 100 is driven,its centroid becomes offset from the origin (i.e., becomes eccentric),as indicated by the spiral path. The solid line in FIG. 9 represents thepath of rotary body's 120 center of mass. The center of mass and thecentroid of rotary body 120 have similar, but not identical paths.

FIGS. 10 through 14 show the results of numerical integration withrespect to time of Equations (1) through (4), respectively, when an HDDenters a free-fall state. The illustrated example assume a horizontalorientation for the HDD wherein a bottom surface 118 of static body 110(see, e.g., FIG. 2) is oriented substantially in parallel with theground, such that static body 110 is disposed below rotary body 120.

In FIGS. 10 through 14, the x, y, and z, axes correspond to thecoordinate system previously established for static body 110 and shownin FIG. 4. That is, the directions x, y, and z correspond to x_(S),y_(S), and z_(S) of FIG. 4, respectively. FIG. 10 illustrates thedisplacement of an HDD in a gravitational direction (i.e., displacementalong the z-axis under the working assumptions) with respect to time,wherein the HDD begins to fall at about 0.06 sec. FIG. 11 illustratesthe resultant component forces acting on rotary body 120 in each of thex-, y-, and z-directions, excluding the force of gravity. The componentforces acting on rotary body 120 in the x- and y-directions oscillate assine waves each having a regular period. The component force in thez-direction (i.e., in the direction of gravity), which normally remainsat about 0.01N, suddenly drops to zero when the HDD begins to fall. Itis known that the component force in the z-direction is instantaneouslyremoved when a fall begins. This is because, when the HDD falls, therotary body 120 will no longer exert its weight on the hydrodynamicbearing, and the axial supporting force that countered the weight ofrotary body 120 before the fall will drop to zero once the hydrodynamicbearing has pushed rotary body 120 upward with respect to static body110 during the fall.

FIG. 12 illustrates change in the flying height of rotary body 120(i.e., change in the distance separating rotary body 120 from staticbody 110) with respect to time. The flying height increases by about 1.6μm when the fall begins. As the flying height between rotary body 120and static body 110 suddenly increases, the bearing clearance betweenstatic body 110 and rotary body 120 suddenly changes, and the frictiontorque exerted by some of hydrodynamic bearing 150 changes, as describedbelow.

FIG. 13 shows the change in friction torque with respect to time for theupper and lower thrust bearings and the journal bearing, each of whichis acting on rotary body 120. While the friction torque exerted by thejournal bearing stays constant before and after the fall begins, thefriction torque exerted by the upper thrust bearing increases slightlyafter the fall begins, and the friction torque exerted by the lowerthrust bearing clearly decreases after the fall begins. Accordingly,after the fall starts, the total friction torque, which is the sum ofthe friction torque exerted by the journal bearing and the upper andlower thrust bearings, decreases by about 4.4%. The total frictiontorque exerted by the thrust bearings decreases because the upper andlower bearing clearances between rotary body 120 and static body 110change as the flying height between rotary body 120 and static body 110suddenly increases when the HDD begins to fall, as described withreference to FIG. 12. The friction torque exerted by hydrodynamicbearing 150 acts as a kind of rotation load to keep spindle motor 100rotating at a constant speed. When the HDD falls, the friction torquesuddenly decreases, so the driving current of spindle motor 100 mustalso decrease in order to keep spindle motor 100 rotating at a constantspeed.

FIG. 14 shows the change in the pulse width modulation (PWM) duty ratioof the driving signal for spindle motor 100 with respect to time. ThePWM duty ratio oscillates between a low level and a high level. When theHDD falls, the high level and the low level each decrease by about 0.2%and the friction torque decreases as shown in FIG. 13. Consequently,even though a lower driving current is applied to spindle motor 100, itrotates at a constant speed, which results in the decrease of the PWMduty ratio.

FIG. 15 illustrates three more specific examples of spindle motor 100 ina free-fall state, each with spindle motor 100 in a different spatialorientation. Example (a) of FIG. 15 shows spindle motor 100 falling in ahorizontal orientation, as described above. Example (c) of FIG. 15 showsspindle motor 100 falling in a vertical orientation, an orientation inwhich bottom surface 118 of static body 110 is substantiallyperpendicular to the ground. Example (b) of FIG. 15 shows spindle motor100 falling in an oblique orientation between the horizontal andvertical orientations. The specific orientation shown in example (c) hasbottom surface 118 of static body 110 oriented at a 45 degrees to theground as spindle motor 100 falls. The term “oblique orientation” willbe used herein to refer this particular example.

In FIG. 15, each arrow G indicates the directional pull of gravityrelative to the falling HDD. It is further assumed for purposed of thisexplanation that when the HDD has a particular orientation, spindlemotor 100 also has this orientation, and vice versa. In accordance withembodiments of the invention, system variables in an HDD are measured inorder to detect a free-fall state. For each of the system variables usedto detect an HDD free-fall state, the change in a system variable thatoccurs when the HDD is a free-fall state will differ in accordance withthe HDD's orientation, as will be described below in some additionaldetail.

When spindle motor 100 has a horizontal orientation, but is not falling,lower thrust bearing 153 b supports the weight of rotary body 120 (see,e.g., FIG. 2). When the HDD begins to fall with a horizontalorientation, the gravitational force exerted by rotary body 120 on lowerthrust bearing 153 b is removed. As a result, the separation distancebetween rotary body 120 and static body 110 (i.e., the flying height)increases. Thus, a free-fall state for the HDD may be detected bydetecting a material change in the flying height of rotary body 120.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, material changes in the flyingheight may be detected in real time using a flying height sensor 102.FIGS. 16A through 16C illustrate detected changes in flying height inaccordance with the three exemplary orientations of FIG. 15. The natureof the changes in flying height shown in FIGS. 16A through 16C arefurther described in Table 1. The angle θx represents the angle betweenbottom surface 118 of spindle motor 100 and a horizontal planesubstantially parallel with the ground. When the HDD falls with ahorizontal orientation, θx=0°; when the HDD falls with a verticalorientation, θx=90°; and when the HDD falls with an oblique orientation,θx=45°.

TABLE 1 Fall After Fall Variation in Orientation Before Fall has BegunFlying Height θx = 0° 10.61 (μm) 12.18 (μm) 12.9 (%)  θx = 45° 11.05(μm) 12.18 (μm) 9.3 (%) θx = 90° 12.18 (μm) 12.18 (μm) 0.0 (%)

Of further note, when spindle motor 100 is resting at an obliqueorientation, both lower thrust bearing 153 b and journal bearing 151support the weight of rotary body 120 (see, e.g., FIG. 2). Theproportion of rotary body's 120 weight supported by each bearings willvary in accordance with the angle θx. For example, when spindle motor100 is resting at an oblique orientation of 45°, lower thrust bearing153 b and journal bearing 151 support the weight of rotary body 120equally, so only a portion of this weight is exerted against lowerthrust bearing 153 b, and the reactive force of lower thrust bearing 153b reacts against (i.e., supports) only the portion of weight, as opposedto the entire weight, which is exerted against lower thrust bearing 153b when spindle motor 100 is resting at the horizontal orientation. Thus,although the flying height of rotary body 120 changes when spindle motor100 falls at an oblique orientation, as shown in Table 1, when spindlemotor 100 falls in an oblique orientation after first resting in anoblique orientation, the flying height will change less than whenspindle motor 100 falls in the horizontal orientation after resting inthe horizontal orientation. That is, a greater proportion of rotarybody's 120 weight is exerted against lower thrust bearing 153 b whenspindle motor 100 is at rest in the horizontal orientation, as comparedto when spindle motor 100 is at rest in an oblique orientation. So, at apoint after spindle motor 100 begins to fall when the weight of rotarybody 120 (or portion thereof) is no longer exerted against lower thrustbearing 153 b, less weight has been removed from lower thrust bearing153 b when spindle motor 100 falls in an oblique orientation than whenit falls in the horizontal orientation. Thus, the flying height willchange less when the spindle motor 100 falls in an oblique orientationthan in the horizontal orientation.

FIGS. 17A through 17C respectively show the rotation speed of spindlemotor 100 before and after an HDD comprising spindle motor 100 begins tofall. When the HDD is falling in the horizontal orientation, thefriction torque exerted by lower thrust bearing 153 b supporting theweight of rotary body 120 decreases when the HDD begins to fall. Thus,the rotation speed of spindle motor 100 increases when the HDD beginsfall. (See, e.g., time=0.3418 seconds in FIG. 17A).

In contrast, when the HDD falls in the vertical orientation, therotation speed of spindle motor 100 remains about the same both beforeand after the HDD begins to fall. This result arises from the fact thatthe friction torque exerted by the thrust bearing in this orientation isabout the same whether or not the HDD is falling.

When the HDD falls in an oblique orientation, the rotation speedchanges, but the change is less than the change that occurs when the HDDfalls in the horizontal orientation. Changes in the rotation speed ofspindle motor 100 arising during a free-fall state for HDD may bedetected by a feedback control loop 300 within the HDD. (See FIG. 23,discussed hereafter). Feedback control loop 300 is adapted to reduce thedriving current provided to spindle motor 100 to thereby return spindlemotor 100 to a defined rotation speed by, for example, lowering the PWMduty ratio of the driving signal.

As shown in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, a rotation speedsensor 106 may be variously associated with spindle motor 100 to measurethe rotation speed of spindle motor 100 in real time. Referring for themoment to FIG. 23, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, amonitor 200 may be adapted to measure the rotation speed Ω of spindlemotor 100 and generate a corresponding free-fall signal when monitor 200determines that the HDD is in a free-fall state. Monitor 200 maydetermine that the HDD is in a free-fall state in relation to a material(e.g., above a defined threshold) increase in the measured rotationspeed.

FIGS. 18A through 18C show the PWM duty ratio of the driving signalprovided to spindle motor 100 in relation to the three exemplaryfree-fall orientations. Referring to FIGS. 18A through 18C, the PWM dutyratio decreases when the HDD falls in the horizontal orientation or anoblique orientation. In each of these orientations, the rotation speedof spindle motor 100 increases when the drive device falls. Inparticular, when the HDD falls in the horizontal orientation, the PWMduty ratio decreases by about 0.62%, and in an exemplary obliqueorientation, the PWM duty ratio decreases by about 0.44%.

The static eccentricity of rotary body 120 is the radial distancebetween the center of rotary body 120 and the center of static body 110.As illustrated in FIG. 2, shaft 121 of rotary body 120 is disposedinside sleeve 117 of static body 110. In addition, the center of rotarybody 120 may differ from the center of static body 110 because shaft 121separates from sleeve 117. Additionally, journal bearing 151 is disposedin the space between rotary body 120 and sleeve 117. When the center ofrotary body 120 is disposed at the center of static body 110, the spacebetween sleeve 117 and a portion of shaft 121 disposed in sleeve 117,which is where journal bearing 151 is disposed, is relatively uniformaround the outer surface of the portion of shaft 121 disposed in sleeve117.

When an HDD comprising spindle motor 100 has a resting verticalorientation, journal bearing 151 supports the weight of rotary body 120and the weight of rotary body 120 exerted on journal bearing 151 maycause rotary body 120 to have a static eccentricity. However, at acertain point in time after the HDD begins falling in the verticalorientation, the weight of rotary body 120 is no longer exerted onjournal bearing 151, so rotary body 120 will no longer have a staticeccentricity. Thus, it is possible to detect when an HDD is falling inthe vertical orientation by measuring the change in static eccentricityof rotary body 120, rather than measuring the change in flying height ofrotary body 120.

FIGS. 19A through 19C are respective plots of the movement of the centerof rotary body 120 before and after an HDD comprising spindle motor 100begins to fall in each of the exemplary orientations. In the horizontalorientation, the center of rotary body 120 moves around a circlecentered approximately about the origin and there is almost no change inthe path of rotary body 120 before and after the fall, as shown in FIG.19A.

FIG. 19C illustrates the path of the center of rotary body 120 beforeand after an HDD comprising spindle motor 100 begins to fall in thevertical orientation. Circular path C1 of FIG. 19C shows the movement ofthe center of rotary body 120 in an HDD comprising spindle motor 100while the HDD has a vertical orientation and before the HDD has begun tofall. While the HDD has a vertical orientation, and before it falls,journal bearing 151 supports the weight of rotary body 120, so journalbearing 151 is compressed by the weight of rotary body 120, which causesthe center of rotary body 120 become eccentric, as shown by circularpath C1. That is, the center of rotary body 120 moves along a circularpath C1 centered approximately on the point (x, y)=(35 nm, −20 nm). TheHDD begins to fall at point F shown in FIG. 19C. After the HDD begins tofall, the deformation of journal bearing 151 caused by the weight ofrotary body 120 being exerted on journal bearing 151 is removed, so thecenter of rotary body 120 will no longer be eccentric, but at a point intime after beginning to fall, the center of rotary body 120 will beginto move along a circular path C2 centered approximately about theorigin, as shown in FIG. 19C.

FIG. 19B illustrates paths of the center of rotary body 120 before andafter the HDD comprising spindle motor 100 begins to fall at an obliqueorientation, wherein rotary body 120 is rotating. As illustrated in FIG.19B, before the HDD falls, the center of rotary body 120 moves along thecircular path C1 which is eccentric and is centered approximately on thepoint (x, y)=(30 nm, −15 nm) of the graph in FIG. 19B. The HDD begins tofall at point F in the graph of FIG. 19B. At a point in time after theHDD begins to fall, journal bearing 151 will no longer be deformed bythe weight of rotary body 120 and the center of rotary body 120 willbegin to move along the circular path C2 centered about the origin, asshown in FIG. 19B.

Thus, the static eccentricity may be measured from the displacement ofthe center of rotary body 120 both before and after the fall begins, andthe change in static eccentricity, as measured in relation to theorientation of the HDD in free-fall given all of the foregoingassumptions is numerically represented in Table 2:

TABLE 2 Fall After Fall has Begun Orientation Before fall (nm) (nm) θx =0° 0 0 θx = 45° 35 0 θx = 90° 43 0

FIGS. 20A through 20C show the change in a position error signal (PES)associated with the HDD before and after it begins to fall in each ofthe three exemplary orientations. In the vertical orientation, theweight of rotary body 120 is exerted on journal bearing 151 before HDD100 falls. However, after the HDD begins to fall, the weight of rotarybody 120 is no longer exerted on journal bearing 151, which causesrotary body 120 to shift relative to static body 110. In addition,because rotary body 120 shifts relative to static body 110, therespective positions of tracks on disk 130 relative to rotary body 120also shift. Thus, when the HDD begins to fall, read/write head 161 maylift from a desired track.

Here, a position control loop 400 (see FIG. 23) adapted to correct thetracking error of read/write head 161 monitors the PES to detect aposition difference between read/write head 161 and an identified disktrack. When read/write head 161 lifts (or deviates) from the targettrack due to a fall, the PES exhibits a sudden burst. If we assume thatthe distance between adjacent tracks is divided into 512 units (i.e.,counts), the range between an upper peak value and a lower peak valuefor the burst in the PES (i.e., between a low limit peak and a highlimit peak of the burst signal) was measured at about 16 units when theHDD falls in the vertical orientation and about 9 units when the HDDfalls in an oblique orientation. However, the actual range of theposition error is influenced by the gain and control resolution power ofthe controller applied to position control loop 400. To remedy theposition error caused by the fall and return the read/write head to thetarget track, position control loop 400 applies a controlled drivingsignal DRA to VCM 169 in an attempt to move read/write head 161 (seeFIG. 23).

Referring for the moment to FIG. 23, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention, a position error sensor 168 is adapted to measure aposition error between read/write head 161 and a target track T in realtime and generate a corresponding PES. Monitor 200 is adapted to monitorthe PES and generate a free-fall signal when it determines that the HDDis in a free-fall state. Monitor 200 is further adapted to monitor thePES in real time and determine that the HDD is in a free-fall state whenthe PES exhibits a burst, as defined, for example, by the absolute valueof a difference between an upper peak value and a lower peak value ofthe burst in the PES in relation to a threshold value. In addition, acentral controller 220 is adapted to initiate an unloading and parkingoperation to secure read/write head 161 in response to the free-fallsignal.

VCM 169 may be driven using a current driving method, in which an inputcurrent is applied to VCM 169 as controlled driving signal. Alternately,a voltage driving method may be used in which the controlled drivingsignal applied to the VCM 169 is an input voltage.

FIGS. 21A through 21C show changes in an input current provided to VCM169 as the controlled driving signal. To remedy a position error thatoccurs when the HDD falls in the vertical orientation or an obliqueorientation, the driving signal for VCM 169 changes by a relativelygreat amount immediately after the HDD begins to fall. When the HDDfalls with the vertical orientation, the input current changes (nearevent) by about 0.51%, and when the HDD falls with the exemplary obliqueorientation, the input current changes by about 0.36%. Then, a certainamount of time after the HDD begins to fall, the input current returnsto a steady state condition with periodic small-scale oscillations.However, when the HDD falls in the horizontal orientation, the drivingsignal does not change. Since no position error occurs betweenread/write head 161 and the target track T when the HDD falls in thehorizontal orientation, the input current remains in a steady statecondition with periodic small-scale oscillations, even as the HDD falls.

Referring again to FIG. 23, in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention, monitor 200 is adapted to measure in real time the inputcurrent and thereby determine that the HDD is in a free-fall state whena transient percentage change in the input current exceeds a definedthreshold value.

FIGS. 22A through 22C show changes in an input voltage provided to VCM169 as the controlled driving signal. As with the input currentdescribed above, a transient change in the input voltage may be detectedwhen the HDD falls in either the vertical orientation or an obliqueorientation. As when using the input current as the controlled drivingsignal, when the HDD falls in the vertical orientation, the inputvoltage changes (near event) by about 0.51%, and when the HDD falls inan oblique orientation, the input voltage changes by about 0.36%.Referring to FIG. 23, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention,monitor 200 is adapted to measure in real time the input voltage anddetermine that the HDD is in a free-fall state when a transientpercentage change in the input voltage exceeds a defined thresholdvalue.

As has been seen from the foregoing, system variables adapted toeffectively detect a free-fall state for an HDD vary in accordance withthe pre-fall and falling orientation of the HDD. Table 3 shows, for eachof the exemplary orientations described thus far, variables orcombinations of variables that may be used to effectively determinewhether an HDD is in a free-fall state relative to each orientation.

TABLE 3 Spindle Motor Actuator Signal (i.e., Free-fall (Spindle SignalVCM Signal) Motor Signal + PWM TMR Signal Actuator Duty Ratio or VCMInput Signal) Horizontal 100% 0% 100% Orientation Oblique 50% 50% 100%Orientation Vertical 0% 100% 100% Orientation

As shown in Table 3, in the horizontal orientation, free-fall may bereadily detected using a signal derived in relation to spindle motor100, e.g., the PWM duty ratio. For example, when the HDD falls in thehorizontal orientation, free-fall may be detected by monitoring the PWMduty ratio in real-time and detecting changes of the duty ratio relativeto a defined threshold value.

In the vertical orientation, free-fall may be readily detected using asignal derived in relation to the actuator, (e.g., a position errorsignal between the head and the target track (TMR signal) or the inputsignal of the VCM (VCM input).

However, unlike the horizontal or vertical orientations, when an HDDfalls in an oblique orientation it is impossible to accurately detect afree-fall state using either a spindle motor derived signal or anactuator derived signal alone. It is possible to detect a free-fallstate in an oblique orientation by measuring both a spindle motorderived signal and an actuator motor derived signal and monitoringchanges in each of these two signals. For example, when an HDD falls inan oblique orientation, free-fall may be detected by the combinedmonitoring of a transient rate of change of a spindle motor signal and atransient rate of change in an actuator signal relative to definedthreshold values. A single combination signal accounting for both ofthese variables may be obtained by, for example, adding the spindlemotor derived signal and the actuator derived signal using appropriateweighting coefficients. Consequently, a spindle motor derived signal andan actuator derived signal may be measured and used to accurately detecta free-fall state for an HDD regardless of orientation.

An exemplary method useful in an HDD to detect free-fall and protect itsread/write head from impacting the associated disk, in accordance withan embodiment of the invention, will now be described. FIG. 23 is ablock diagram schematically illustrating an HDD in accordance with anembodiment of the invention. This HDD is adapted to detect a free-fallstate and safely unload and park read/write head 161 prior to impact.The HDD comprises disk 130, spindle motor 100, and actuator 160 inaddition to read/write head 161. The HDD further comprises monitor 200adapted to measure an input signal provided to spindle motor 100 anddetect the free-fall state, and a central controller 220 adapted tooperate an emergency power supply 210 in order to initiate read/writehead 161 protection operation (i.e., unloading and/or parking theread/write head—hereafter referred to simply as an “unloading/parkingoperation”) in accordance with an output signal generated by monitor200.

A feedback control loop 300 controls spindle motor 100 in real-time andmaintains its rotation speed. Feedback control loop 300 comprisesfeedback control line “L”, central controller 220, a signal line 280,and rotation speed sensor 106. Feedback control loop 300 generates anerror signal “e” that corresponds to the difference between the normalrotation speed Ω_(ref) and the measured rotation speed Ω of spindlemotor 100. The error signal “e” is then converted (through aproportional-integration controller, for example) into a new drivingsignal DRM having an adjusted PWM duty ratio, and the new driving signalDRM is provided to spindle motor 100. The rotation speed Ω of spindlemotor 100 is measured by counting the number of clock pulses generatedduring each rotation (i.e., one per unit rotation) of spindle motor 100,by detecting a back electro-motive force (EMF) generated by spindlemotor 100, or by measuring the rotational phase of spindle motor 100.

Monitor 200 determines whether the HDD is in a free-fall state inrelation to the driving signal DRM output from theproportional-integration controller. Referring to FIG. 23, in accordancewith an embodiment of the invention, monitor 200 measures the drivingsignal DRM in real time and detects changes in the PWM duty ratio of thedriving signal. When the PWM duty ratio transiently drops below acritical ratio previously establish by the system, monitor 200determines that the HDD is in free-fall and generates a correspondingfree-fall signal.

In accordance with another embodiment, monitor 200 may measure thedriving signal DRM of spindle motor 100 in real time, measure acontrolled driving signal for the VCM, and generate a free-fall signalwhen the monitor determines that the HDD is in a free-fall state. Inaddition, monitor 200 may be adapted to determine that the HDD is in afree-fall state when a transient change (which may be measured as apercentage change over a defined time period) in the driving signal ofthe spindle motor exceeds a first preset threshold value, a transientchange in the controlled driving signal of the VCM exceeds a secondpreset threshold value, or a value calculated by combining thesedetected transient changes exceeds a third preset threshold value.

When the free-fall signal is received from monitor 200, centralcontroller 220 outputs an emergency unloading and/or parking signal.This functionality may be executed using power supplied by emergencypower supply 210. For example, responding to an emergency parkingsignal, emergency power supply 210 may supply the maximum possibleoperating current (i.e., a maximum useable power) to actuator 160 inorder to quickly park read/write head 161 in a safe parking positionprior to an anticipated impact resulting from the free-fall. As usedherein, a “safe parking position” is any position which, when theread/write head is disposed at that position, the read/write head willnot collide with a disk when the corresponding HDD experiences anexternal impact.

Immediately upon receiving an indication of an emergency unloadingand/or parking signal read/write head 161 stops any ongoing read/writeoperation and is promptly unloaded onto parking ramp 170 outside of theperimeter of disk 130. Conventionally understood HDD parking systems maybe classified into ramp systems and contact start stop (CSS) systems. Ina ramp system, read/write head 161 is parked on parking ramp 170 locatedat the outer edge of disk 130. In a CSS system, read/write head 161 isparked at a parking zone located on the inner edge of disk 130.

FIG. 24 is a timing diagram for various related internal signalsgenerated in the HDD upon receiving an indication of a free-fall state.The signal graph shown in FIG. 24( a) illustrates an exemplarydisplacement of the HDD in the direction of gravity (i.e., thez-direction) beginning at time t=t₀. FIG. 24( b) illustrates the drivingsignal of spindle motor 100, wherein the PWM duty ratio suddenly dropswhen the HDD begins to fall at time t=t₀. This sudden transient changein the driving signal is detected in real time by monitor 200. When afree-fall state for the HDD is detected by comparing the change in thePWM duty ratio with a previously defined critical ratio, monitor 200immediately generates the free-fall signal, as shown in FIG. 24( c)Monitor 200 provides the free-fall signal to central controller 220.Then, as shown in FIG. 24( d), central controller 220 outputs anemergency parking signal to emergency power supply 210. Emergency powersupply 210 then applies a maximum usable input current to actuator 160.FIG. 24( e) illustrates the position of read/write head 161. Initially,read/write head 161 is engaged in a read/write operation along targettrack “T” disposed between an inner boundary (ID) and an outer boundary(OD) of disk 130. However, when the free-fall state for the HDD isdetected, read/write head 161 is quickly parked on ramp 170 disposedoutside of the outer perimeter of disk 130 (i.e., outside of the outerboundary OD) by operation of actuator 160. As shown in FIG. 24( e), att=t₁, read/write head 161 has been parked on ramp 170.

The exemplary HDD of FIG. 23 incorporates a control method that monitorsan input signal applied of spindle motor 100 and determines whether theHDD is in a free-fall state by detecting transient changes in the inputsignal. However, whether or not the HDD is in a free-fall state may bealternately determined by monitoring the flying height of rotary body120 with reference to static body 110. For example, referring to FIGS.2B and 23B, a flying height sensor 102 of conventional design is adaptedto measure the flying height associated with rotary body 120 in realtime in one embodiment, flying height sensor 102 may be associated withbase member 111 (i.e., static body 110). Flying height sensor 102 may beadapted to output the measured flying height as an electrical signalHFLY, which it provides to monitor 200. In addition, monitor 200 may beadapted to monitor the measured flying height, and determine that theHDD is in a free-fall state by detecting that a material increase in themeasured flying height relative to a defined threshold value. Also,monitor 200 may be further adapted to generate a free-fall signal whenit determines that the HDD is in a free-fall state.

In addition, referring to FIGS. 2B and 23B, spindle motor 100 may beadditionally associated with a static eccentricity sensor 104 adapted tomeasure the static eccentricity of rotary body 120 in real time. Monitor200 may be connected to static eccentricity sensor 104 and configured tomonitor the measured static eccentricity using static eccentricitysensor 104. In addition, monitor 200 may be adapted to determine thatthe HDD is in a free-fall state by detecting that a variation (e.g., adecrease) in the measured static eccentricity relative to a definedthreshold value. Signal line 230 in FIG. 23 conceptually illustrates aconnection between static eccentricity sensor 104 and monitor 200.

To detect free-fall of the HDD with a high degree accuracy, regardlessof orientation, it may be desirable to monitor both a spindle motorderived signal and an actuator derived signal and use the combination todetect free-fall, as described above with reference to Table 3.Referring again to FIG. 23, actuator 160 moves read/write head 161 overdisk 130 under the real time control of position control loop 400. Forexample, position control loop 400 may be adapted to generate a positionerror signal PES corresponding to the difference in position between atarget track “T” and the actual position of read/write head 161 using aposition error sensor 168. Within position control loop 400, controller220 may be adapted to apply a controlled driving signal DRA to actuator160 based on the position error signal PES. The controlled drivingsignal DRA of actuator 160 is monitored in real time monitor 200. Inaddition, the controlled driving signal DRA of actuator 160 and thedriving signal DRM for spindle motor 100 may be simultaneously monitoredby monitor 200 so that the HDD can accurately determine the moment atwhich the HDD enters a free-fall state, regardless of the fallsorientation. In response to this determination, the HDD may initiate anoperation to protecting read/write head 161. In the illustrated example,position control loop 400 comprises position control line P, centralcontroller 220, position error sensor 168, the actuator 160, and asignal line 270 adapted to provide the controlled driving signal DRA tothe actuator 160.

An HDD, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, is adapted todetect when the HDD is falling and then park the read/write head in asafe parking position prior to impact so that the HDD will be relativelyresistant to impact and thus suitable for use in a mobile environment.In addition, unlike a conventional HDD, an HDD in accordance with anembodiment of the invention is adapted to detect when the HDD is fallingwithout the use of an acceleration sensor. Rather, an HDD in accordancewith an embodiment of the invention is adapted to detect when it isfalling by monitoring changes in system variables selected from amongmechanical and electrical variables in the HDD, which makes an HDD inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention particularly suitable formobile products because it does not require an acceleration sensor.

The definition and modification of the various threshold values notedabove are deemed to fall within ordinary skill in the art. These valueswill vary by design and application and in many instances will bedefined using empirical data or trail and error.

While embodiments of the invention have been described herein, variouschanges in form and detail may be made to the embodiment by one ofordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of theinvention as defined by the accompanying claims.

1. A hard disk drive (HDD) comprising: a spindle motor comprising arotary body and adapted to rotate a disk; an actuator adapted to move aread/write head to a desired position above the disk; a flying heightsensor adapted to measure in real time a flying height of the rotarybody; a monitor adapted to monitor the measured flying height andgenerate a free-fall signal when the monitoring determines that the HDDis in a free-fall state based on at least the measured flying height;and a central controller adapted to initiate an unloading/parkingoperation for the read/write head in response to the free-fall signal.2. The HDD of claim 1, wherein: the spindle motor further comprises abase; the flying height sensor is positioned on the base; and the flyingheight sensor is adapted to measure the flying height of the rotary bodywith reference to the base and output the measured flying height as anelectrical signal.
 3. The HDD of claim 1, wherein the monitor determinesthat the HDD is in a free-fall state when the measured flying heightexceeds a defined threshold value.
 4. The HDD of claim 1, furthercomprising an emergency power supply, wherein: the central controller isadapted to initiate the unloading/parking operation by providing anemergency parking signal to the emergency power supply; and theemergency power supply is adapted to provide maximum useable power tothe actuator in response to the emergency parking signal.
 5. The HDD ofclaim 1, further comprising a static eccentricity sensor adapted tomeasure in real time a static eccentricity associated with the rotarybody; wherein the monitor is further adapted to monitor the measuredstatic eccentricity.
 6. A hard disk drive (HDD), comprising: a spindlemotor comprising a rotary body and adapted to rotate a disk; an actuatoradapted to move a read/write head to a desired position above the disk;a flying height sensor adapted to measure in real time a flying heightassociated with the rotary body; a static eccentricity sensor adapted tomeasure in real time a static eccentricity associated with the rotarybody; a monitor adapted to monitor the measured flying height and themeasured static eccentricity, and to generate a free-fall signal whenthe monitoring determines that the HDD is in a free-fall state; and acentral controller adapted to initiate an unloading/parking operationfor the read/write head in response to the free-fall signal, wherein themonitor is adapted to determine that the HDD is in a free-fall stateupon detecting a variation in the measured flying height of the rotarybody relative to a first threshold value, a variation in the measuredstatic eccentricity relative to a second threshold value, or a variationin a calculated value relative to a third threshold value, thecalculated value being derived in relation to the measured flying heightand the measured static eccentricity.
 7. The HDD of claim 6, wherein thespindle motor further comprises a base, the flying height sensor beingpositioned on the base; and wherein the flying height sensor is adaptedto measure the flying height of the rotary body with reference to thebase and output the measured flying height as an electrical signal. 8.The HDD of claim 6, further comprising: an emergency power supplyadapted to provide maximum useable power to the actuator in response toan emergency parking signal.
 9. The HDD of claim 8, wherein the centralcontroller initiates the unloading/parking operation by providing theemergency parking signal to the emergency power supply.
 10. A hard diskdrive (HDD), comprising: a spindle motor comprising a rotary body andadapted to rotate a disk; an actuator adapted to move a read/write headto a desired position above the disk; a flying height sensor adapted tomeasure in real time a flying height associated with the rotary body; astatic eccentricity sensor adapted to measure in real time a staticeccentricity associated with the rotary body; a monitor adapted tomonitor the measured flying height and the measured static eccentricity,and to generate a free-fall signal when the monitoring determines thatthe HDD is in a free-fall state; a central controller adapted toinitiate an unloading/parking operation for the read/write head inresponse to the free-fall signal; and an emergency power supply, whereinthe central controller is adapted to initiate the unloading/parkingoperation in response to the free-fall signal by providing an emergencyparking signal to the emergency power supply; and the emergency powersupply is adapted to provide maximum useable power to the actuator inresponse to the emergency parking signal.
 11. The HDD of claim 10,wherein the spindle motor further comprises a base, the flying heightsensor being positioned on the base; and wherein the flying heightsensor is adapted to measure the flying height of the rotary body withreference to the base and output the measured flying height as anelectrical signal.
 12. A hard disk drive (HDD) comprising: a spindlemotor comprising a rotary body and a base, the rotary body rotating adisk; an actuator for positioning a read/write head above the disk; aflying height sensor for measuring a flying height of the rotary bodywith respect to the base; a monitor for monitoring the measured flyingheight and generating a free-fall signal when the monitoring indicates afree-fall state; and a controller for initiating an unloading operationof the read/write head in response to the free-fall signal.
 13. The HDDof claim 12, wherein the flying height sensor measures the flying heightin real time.
 14. The HDD of claim 12, wherein the flying height sensoris positioned on the base.
 15. The HDD of claim 12, wherein the monitordetermines that the HDD is in a free-fall state when the measured flyingheight exceeds a threshold.
 16. The HDD of claim 12, further comprising:an emergency power supply for receiving an emergency parking signal fromthe controller in response to the free-fall signal, the emergency powersupply providing maximum useable power to the actuator in response tothe emergency parking signal.